HAVET Nathalie

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This doctoral thesis focuses on the economics of aging. It examines in greater detail the determinants of individual decisions in terms of retirement, health prevention and the purchase of long-term care insurance. Chapter 1 starts from the observation that financial incentives to encourage individuals to delay their retirement have relatively limited and heterogeneous effects. It explores the role of another potential determinant of the retirement decision: the time inconsistency bias. Using French survey data, the econometric analysis shows that individuals exhibiting time inconsistency are much less likely to delay their retirement in order to benefit from a pension bonus (surcote). Chapter 2 examines the causal effect of retirement on preventive and risky behaviors within couples. This article is the first to take into account coordination between spouses and the effects of asymmetrical externalities of behaviour in this type of evaluation. The econometric results on European survey data reveal heterogeneous effects depending on the behaviors studied, but also on the status of the pre-retirement job and the order of retirement within the couple. Chapter 3 examines the nature of the relationship between prevention effort and the demand for LTC insurance, in the context of the introduction of a prevention program by an insurer. The equilibrium predictions of a theoretical insurance model show that the prevention program does not lead to a reduction in self-protection effort, but does have an ambiguous effect on the choice of insurance coverage rate. The results of the associated econometric analysis on French survey data show a positive effect of the intention to participate in the programme on the prevention effort and on the insurance decision, thus rejecting the existence of an eviction effect. They also indicate the existence of advantageous selection in the French LTC insurance market.

This doctoral dissertation focuses on the modeling of preventive effort and its relationship with market insurance. Each chapter attempts to capture different aspects of this problem, from the study of a criterion consistent with actuarial practices to the study of the supply side of insurance, including risk perception biases and an approach to prevention in dynamic time. Chapter 1 models the relationship between an insurer and an insured as a Stackelberg game. In this game, the insurer plays first by offering an insurance contract in the form of a loading factor. The insured then plays by choosing the optimal coverage rate and prevention effort. Both the insured and the insurer aim to minimize their respective risk measures, which are both consistent. The respective effects of self-insurance and self-protection on risk minimization will be studied. In each case, it will be shown that optimal choices for the insured exist and the optimal contract for the insurer will be characterized. Moreover, it will be shown that if the agent's risk measure decreases faster than his loss expectation, then the optimal effort is increasing with the loading factor with a potential discontinuity when the optimal coverage goes from full to zero. However, in the opposite case the optimal effort can be increasing or decreasing with the loading factor. Chapter 2 studies the relationship between self-insurance and market insurance also in the form of an optimization problem for one agent. Similar to Chapter 1, this agent must determine the coverage rate and the prevention effort that will optimally reduce its risk measure. The considered risk measure is called distortional and is defined from a non concave distortion function. This allows for potential individual cognitive biases in risk perception. The characterization of the optimal solution for the agent makes it possible to draw a new conclusion about the relationship between self-insurance and market insurance. Self-insurance is no longer just a substitute for market insurance, but can also be complementary to it, depending on the sensitivity of the prevention effort to the price of insurance. Chapter 3 focuses on self-protection by proposing a dynamic expected utility maximization problem. This takes the form of a stochastic control problem in which the agent chooses his insurance coverage and his prevention effort which is dynamic. The problem can be separated into two subproblems, the first one is an optimization in effort and the second one in insurance coverage. Since the individual wants to obtain the largest possible final wealth, he seeks to maximize the exponential utility expectation of this wealth. The agent's wealth can be seen as the solution of a backward-looking stochastic differential equation with a jump, this equation admits a unique solution and is moreover explicit. In particular, we obtain that the optimal self-protection effort is constant. The initial distribution of the loss process, when there is no effort, is given by a compound Poisson process which is in particular a Lévy process. Obtaining a constant optimal effort means that the Lévy property of the processes is preserved by maximizing an exponential utility expectation. The analysis of the problem in insurance coverage gives a sufficient condition to obtain the existence of an optimal level of coverage. The individual can then subscribe to an insurance policy by providing a preventive effort that will maximize his satisfaction or choose not to subscribe to the policy but by taking part in self-protection actions.

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European directives stipulate that French employers take all available measures to reduce the use of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic (CMR) chemicals. Our study explores the trends for the various control measures that are available to employees exposed to CMR agents, at two time points (2003 and 2010).Our study assessed data from the 2003 and the 2010 French national cross-sectional survey of occupational hazards (SUMER). The availability of collective protections (source-based controls and general ventilation) and personal protective equipment (PPE) was explored. Trends in the availability of protective measures were studied using multilevel logistic regressions.Exposure situations without any protective measures decreased considerably between 2003 and 2010 (29.9% versus 17.9%, respectively). The increase in the proportion of exposure situations involving source-based controls (e.g. an isolation chamber and local exhaust ventilation) was, however, much less. Multiple regression analysis showed that the protection strategies depended on the job characteristics (e.g. work schedules, the employment contract, and the occupation) as well as the size of the company. There were noticeable changes between 2003 and 2010. For example, differences in protections available between full-time and part-time workers disappeared in the 7-year period, whereas those between executives/managers and other employees increased, as did the gaps between large and small companies.Although the overall increase in exposure situations involving protective measures masks a number of differences in exposure between employee categories, it is a step in the right direction. Source-based controls appeared to be implemented more for exposures with the longest durations, and PPE was very often combined with collective protections, which is what is currently recommended.

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Background: European directives stipulate that French employers take all available measures to reduce the use of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic chemicals (CMRs). Our study explores the trends for the various control measures that are available to employees exposed to CMRs, at two time points (2003 and 2010). Method: Our study assessed data from the 2003 and the 2010 French national cross-sectional survey of occupational hazards (SUMER). The availability of collective protections (source-based controls and general ventilation) and personal protective equipment (PPE) was explored. Trends in the availability of protective measures were studied using multilevel logistic regressions. Results: Exposure situations without any protective measures decreased considerably between 2003 and 2010 (29.9% vs. 17.9%, respectively). The increase in the proportion of exposure situations involving source-based controls (e.g., an isolation chamber, local exhaust ventilation, etc.) was, however, much less. Multiple regression analysis showed that the protection strategies depended on the job characteristics (e.g., work schedules, the employment contract, and the occupation) as well as the size of the company. There were noticeable changes between 2003 and 2010. For example, differences in protections available between full-time and part-time workers disappeared in the 7-year period, while those between executives/managers and other employees increased, as did the gaps between large and small companies. Conclusion: Although the overall increase in exposure situations involving protective measures masks a number of differences in exposure between employee categories, it is a step in the right direction. Source-based controls appeared to be implemented more for exposures with the longest durations, and PPE was very often combined with collective protections, which is what is currently recommended.

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Our approach consists in improving the characterisation of the determinants of reported mobility without eliminating individuals who made no trip during the reference period. Sociodemographic factors that influence the decision to be mobile (vs. not making a trip) are not necessarily the same as those that influence the intensity of mobility among mobile individuals. This paper contains an assessment of hurdle models in comparison to simpler regression models. For two-part decision econometric models (hurdle and type II models), we focus on the factors influencing, firstly, the decision to travel, and secondly, the level of mobility. We consider the number of trips and the daily distance budget stated by respondents to the household travel survey which was conducted by phone in the Rhône-Alpes region between 2012 and 2015. The aim is to improve our understanding of the determinants of immobility and to estimate a function that links daily mobility level to socioeconomic characteristics given that a significant proportion of the survey population (9%) reported making no trip.

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The reduced activity scheme aims to mitigate the disincentive effects of the unemployment benefit system by allowing jobseekers to combine paid activity and job search while accumulating, at least partially, the remuneration of their activity and their unemployment benefit. Our review of the theoretical and empirical literature seeks to determine whether this system, with incentives necessarily limited to temporary or part-time work, can promote sustainable integration into the labor market. It shows that the expected theoretical effects on the professional trajectories of job seekers and on the quality of jobs potentially found are ambiguous and deserve to be empirically determined. National and international empirical studies show that it is necessary to distinguish between short-term and long-term effects and that there is considerable heterogeneity in the impacts between job seekers. Nevertheless, in France, reduced activity seems to accelerate access to sustainable employment, but with relatively modest effects. Moreover, it does not seem to improve or degrade the quality of the job found.

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Background: To investigate the relationship between hospital volume activities and the survival for Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma (EOC) patients in France.

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Purpose : To explore varied exposure to carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic chemicals (CMR) for French employees. Methods: Our study assessed data from the French national cross-sectional survey of occupational risks (SUMER) that was conducted in 2010 in a national representative sample of employees. We selected 28 CMR agents that were classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer or European Union as being known or presumed to have CMR potential in humans. The association of individual and job characteristics with exposure prevalence, duration, and intensity of the CMR agents during a 1-week period was examined using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results: Overall, 10.4% of employees in 2010 were exposed to one or more CMR agents at their workplace, and 3.4% were subjected to multiple CMR exposures. Blue-collar workers, night-shift workers and workers with short-term employment contracts experienced higher exposure prevalence (p < 0.01) and intensity (p < 0.05). Blue-collar workers and shift workers experienced also longer exposure duration (p < 0.001). Conversely, managers, workers of large companies, and women were less exposed to CMR agents (p < 0.001). The presence of a Committee for Health, Safety, and Working Conditions, and intervention by Occupational Health and Safety officers were significantly associated with reduced exposure intensities (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05). Establishment of European CMR regulations and the existence of an applicable substitution principle reduced the exposure duration (p < 0.001) and intensity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results point out disparities in CMR exposure and identify high-priority targets for prevention measures to help reducing social health discrepancies.

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Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma (EOC) is a disease with poor prognosis, most often diagnosed at an advanced stage, thus necessitating aggres sive and complex surgery. The aim of this study was to compare Progression Free Survival (PFS) at 1st line treatment of EOC patients treated in high vs low-volume hospitals. This retrospective study using prospectively implemented databases was conducted o n an exhaustive cohort of 267 patients treated in first line during 2012 in the Rhone-Alps Region of France. In order to control for selection bias, a multivariate analysis and the Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) using the propensity score were adopted. An Adjusted Kaplan Meier Estimator (AKME) and a univariate Cox model in the weighted sample were then applied in order to determine the impact of the centralization of care on EOC. Patients treated in lower volume hospitals had a probability of relapse (including death) that was 1.5 times higher than for patients treated in higher volume hospitals (p=0.02). As reported in other countries, the concentration of care for EOC has a significant positive impact on patient outcomes .

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This article focuses on the issue of the isolation of sensitive urban areas, which the city policy aims to reduce. It proposes an evaluation of the impact of the place of residence of employed persons in the Lyon urban area on their overall daily and work-related mobility, with a particular attempt to isolate the specific impact of living in an urban area. The analysis is based on the latest Lyon household travel survey of 2006, supplemented by other spatialized data sources. Residence in a zus district corresponds to a lower total number of trips, shorter distances and shorter daily travel times. The contribution of the specific effect of place of residence, net of the influence of any other characteristic, is about 2 km and 7 minutes less per day. On the other hand, for commuting to and from work, the "zus" effect operates in the opposite direction: all other things being equal, workers residing in a zus neighborhood travel 1.5 km more per day than workers residing in other neighborhoods, i.e., 10% more time. These moderate but statistically significant differences corroborate the hypotheses of isolation and spatial mismatch of workers in disadvantaged neighborhoods and encourage the continuation of this type of analysis in other urban contexts.

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This document presents the results of work carried out on the theme of reduced activity by five laboratories selected in the context of a call for research proposals launched by Pôle emploi with the support of its scientific council. Beyond the diversity of observable practices of reduced activities, which are more often undergone than chosen, their effects are globally positive. By allowing people to maintain a close link with the world of work, reduced activity often avoids being trapped in precariousness and benefits from a "springboard effect" to get out of unemployment and access a more lasting job. Moreover, in a context where special forms of employment are becoming more widespread and less atypical, the attitude of recruiters may benefit those who have experienced part-time or temporary jobs interspersed with periods of unemployment, as soon as this situation becomes commonplace in the profession in question.

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Are there identifiable factors in international student mobility that promote or, on the contrary, hinder rapid access to a first sustainable, quality job? The econometric exploitation of a survey of students financed for a mobility from the Rhône-Alpes region allows us to conclude that certain forms of mobility (in English, of short duration, compulsory, sanctioned by a diploma) prove to be more favorable to a rapid and quality insertion (stable contract, high salaries), without however being able to counterbalance the influence of classic determinants such as the level of diploma, the sector of activity or even gender inequalities.

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While the opening up of sensitive urban areas is one of the objectives of urban policy, aimed in particular at promoting access to employment, very few studies have analyzed the mobility practices of their inhabitants. Focusing on the working population of the Lyon urban area, the objective of this article is to test the impact of place of residence, through the ZUS/non-ZUS distinction, on their daily mobility and that related to work in particular. The analysis is based on the latest Lyon Household Travel Survey (2006) enriched with other spatialized data sources. The results of the multivariate models show that living in a ZUS neighborhood reduces the number of trips made by working people, as well as their distance and time on a daily basis. In contrast, when it comes to commuting alone, workers in these neighborhoods have to travel longer distances. These results suggest the specific difficulties of working people in deprived urban areas in terms of daily mobility and access to employment and amenities.

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Provided for in the public procurement code, the integration clause is a tool for explicitly integrating social criteria into calls for tender. Companies awarded such contracts are obliged to offer a minimum number of working hours to people who are far from employment. This article aims to study the professional future of the beneficiaries of these clauses in the medium term (6 to 20 months later). To do this, a telephone survey was conducted with a representative panel of beneficiaries in the Lyon area. It emerged that some of the beneficiaries were able to secure their professional career with access to sustainable employment. Our study also shows that medium-term job retention seems to depend on the duration of the clause contract, its capacity to improve the beneficiaries' self-confidence and to help them acquire training.

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Our article seeks to describe the paths taken by candidates in the validation of prior learning (VAE) process and the role played by counseling interviews and support services at each stage of this process. To do this, data on all individuals who submitted an application for VAE between 2007 and 2009 to the main validators in the Rhône-Alpes region were used. It emerges that VAE fulfills its role of qualifying people with few diplomas. Support during the procedure seems to be an undeniable asset in the success of these VAE courses.

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Our study uses the 2010 edition of the Surveillance médicale des expositions aux risques professionnels (SUMER) survey to provide an overview of French employees' exposure to CMR agents in the workplace. In total, 2.2 million people, or 10.2% of employees, were exposed to one or more CMR products during the week preceding their medical examination. Among them, 70,000 had multiple exposures in the workplace, which brings the number of exposure situations recorded in 2010 to 3.5 million. Asbestos exposure situations represent only 2.3% of CMR product exposures, i.e. 10 times less than diesel exhaust exposures. Our results show that there are jobs and employee profiles that accumulate harms in the labor market, including high risks of exposure to products hazardous to health. These include blue-collar workers, night workers and employees with precarious contracts, who should therefore be priority targets for prevention measures.

Few studies have explored, to date, the issue of the monetary valuation of non-fatal injuries caused by road traffic accidents. The present paper seeks to raise interest in this question and to estimate, by contingent valuation, French households’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) to improve their road safety level and reduce their risk of non-fatal injuries following a road accident. More precisely, a Tobit and a type-II Tobit model were estimated to identify factors for WTP. The results highlighted the significant positive influence of injury severity on WTP. Experience of road traffic accidents seemed to play an important role, positively influencing valuation of non-fatal injury.

Background. In France, 2–15% of the population is affected annually by influenza, which causes significant socioeconomic disruption. Nevertheless, despite its importance for policy makers, few published studies have evaluated the impact of influenza B. Therefore, we assessed the costs associated with influenza B during 2010–2011 in France.

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Few studies have explored, to date, the issue of the monetary valuation of non-fatal injuries caused by road traffic accidents. The present paper arises interest in this question and aims to estimate, by means of the contingent valuation, the willingness to pay (WTP) of French households to improve their road safety level and reduce their risk of non-fatal injuries following a road accident. More precisely, Logit and Tobit models will be estimated to identify the factors influencing the individual will to pay. The results highlight the significant and positive influence of the injury severity on the WTP of the participants. The direct or indirect experience of road traffic accidents seems to play an important role and positively influences the valuation of the non-fatal injuries.

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The purpose of this article is to evaluate the wage return to participation in corporate continuing education (formal and informal), focusing the analysis on gender differences. To do so, French data from the Continuing Education Survey 2000 are used. A simultaneous equations model is estimated afin order to account for both the phenomenon of endogenous selection of training practices and the correlated effects of unobservable individual heterogeneity between different types of training and wages. It emerges that in France, the return to formal training is higher for women than for their male counterparts and that the return to informal training is equivalent for both sexes.

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The purpose of this paper is to assess the wage return to participation in corporate continuing education (formal and informal), focusing the analysis on gender differences. To this end, French data from the Continuing Education 2000 survey are used, and a model of simultaneous equations is estimated in order to take into account both the phenomenon of endogenous selection of training practices and the correlated effects of unobservable individual heterogeneity between the different types of training and wages. The results show that in France the return to formal training is higher for women than for their male counterparts and that the return to informal training is equivalent for both sexes.

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The objective of this thesis is to present a theoretical and econometric analysis of gender wage and career differentials and to present some implications for economic policy. Chapter 1, which is descriptive in nature, provides an overview of the occupational gender differences that persist in France. Chapter 2 identifies the economic theories that can explain them. Chapters 3 and 4 propose original dynamic models of statistical discrimination. The first focuses on the roles of mobility and matching at the beginning of a career, and the second looks at the impact of such discrimination on comparative male/female investment in vocational training and on wage growth. Chapter 5 presents econometric modeling of youth transitions between different labor market states and assesses the effectiveness of public insertion measures for both sexes.