STANCANELLI Elena

In recent decades, the family has undergone major changes in most OECD countries. On the one hand, the fertility rate has decreased. On the other hand, the number of separations has increased significantly. This thesis proposes to study the effects of these changes in family structure on the human capital of individuals, by considering it as a new source of inequalities. In a microeconomic framework, this thesis mobilizes econometric tools and applies them to large databases. The three chapters of this thesis present new results on the effect of parental separation and family size on the human capital of the individual. The first chapter focuses on the effect of parental separation in France on individuals' occupational success, and shows a negative effect of parental separation on the individual's educational level and social position. Using American data, the second chapter focuses on the mechanisms explaining this effect, and in particular, on changes in time spent with parents. Thus, 30% of the effect of parental separation on the socio-emotional development of children is explained by the decrease in time spent with at least one parent. The third chapter considers another aspect of family structure: family size. We find that the arrival of a third child in the family decreases the socio-emotional competencies of the other children, particularly for girls.

The first chapter analyzes the impact of a relatively large and homogeneous influx of Polish immigrants on the United Kingdom and what effect this shock had on the 2016 Brexit vote. I find that Polish immigration to the UK increased the Brexit vote but not enough to explain the decision to leave the European Union. In order to obtain exogenous variation in the distribution of Polish immigrants I rely on the development of migrant networks close to the wartime resettlement camps created for Polish soldiers after World War II whose location I collect from national archives. In the second chapter I use the dismantling of illegal migrant camps near Calais and the subsequent distribution of migrants to study the impact of exposure to few migrants over a short period of time. I find that exposure to few migrants reduces the National Front vote (the French far-right party) but that this effect dissipates if large groups of migrants are relocated. In this case, contact as well as the relative size of the group play an important role in the reaction of natives to migrants. In the last chapter I analyze the impact of the refugee crisis on political demand and supply in Italy. I show that the opening of small migrant reception centers in Italy has reduced the far-right vote, hate crimes against immigrants as well as increased the vote for left-wing parties. The effects come mainly from municipalities that are less connected to the internet.

This dissertation consists of three essays on education and social cohesion in developing countries, specifically Egypt and Indonesia. The first chapter analyzes household behaviors in Egypt, including investment for education and health, following the 2011 revolution, which we interpret here as an unstable environment. To study the effects of the outbreak of the Egyptian revolution, we combine the representative household survey with a unique statistical record of all people arrested, injured, or killed during political protests in the country. Our results show that households significantly adapt their behavior in an unstable political context. The second chapter analyzes the impact of earthquakes on education and health measures for children in Indonesia. We find that children's education and health outcomes are negatively affected when a household experiences an earthquake, with some heterogeneity by child age and gender. The third chapter analyzes the effects of ethnic favoritism in the allocation of government transfers to households following a natural disaster. The results suggest that although all households in a village are affected, the households most likely to receive government transfers are those that share the same ethnicity as the community leader. My findings also show that in villages where ethnic favoritism is prevalent, trust between ethnic groups decreased between 2007 and 2014.

Residential choice revolves around a number of constraints: whether internal to the household or resulting from market distortion, these constraints fundamentally alter the set of household choices. The first part of the thesis focuses on the constraints that the household faces and that are based on one of its characteristics. The literature has studied in detail the issue of discrimination in access to housing by highlighting limited and tacit access to immigrant households, but no study has examined the evidence of potential residential price discrimination. In this article, we study the actual rent differentials between French and immigrant households, using the decomposition proposed by Oaxaca & Blinder (1973). We try to explain these rent differentials in part due to differences in individual choices and in part due to discrimination in the housing market on data from the 1996 housing survey. Although no clear evidence of price discrimination is found, some housing characteristics appear to be more expensive for immigrants. The second part of this thesis focuses on internal household constraints. The work in this first part is a continuation of the work done on the economics of the family and the economics of decision-making regarding their mobility. The first constraint that we present is that of the dwellings that agents occupy before entering into a household. The literature has studied in depth the residential mobility choices of couples at most stages of the life cycle, without looking at the stage of house formation. This would make it possible to take into account the plurality of decision-makers within the household. This chapter presents a collective model of household formation, measuring the probability that a couple will occupy, together, the dwelling that the man occupies alone, the dwelling that the woman occupies alone, versus refusing them both, based on a multinomial logit estimation model. We work on data from the 2002 national housing survey, which allows us to trace all the mobility paths of the two agents. We choose the couple's first home in the sense of its initial occupation. The development of the theoretical model, based on a collective type model, where the agents operate a negotiation, includes the situation where the two agents may not be led to leave their dwelling at the couple's threat points. We propose an enrichment of the model where we argue that the decision of joint housing may imply inefficiency in the couple's future decisions. Although the man's housing choice appears to be a proven choice, the wage inequality between men and women, as well as the age difference within the couple, appear to significantly influence the couples' choice. Second, the choice of housing for a couple must take into account the daily commuting time. Agents, having a localized job, choose housing that meets their needs in a region with a highly heterogeneous spatial occupation and with a non-uniform distribution of housing supply. The idea of the paper is to measure the impact of individual agent characteristics on the joint household travel time decision, as well as how agents allocate these trips. The data on which we work are those of the 1999 population census, enriched with communal data and agents' travel times. We highlight a distinction between male and female behavior based on attraction to job centers and job stability.

Economic mobility is one of the aspirations of any modern society, but how can we know the true evolution of social mobility? That is, 1) can we measure social mobility with the data or technology available today? 2) what are the patterns of social mobility that have crossed the current generation? Or 3) how mobile is today's society compared to past generations? These are the three questions that form the basis of this thesis. We argue here that it is possible to learn more about the evolution of social mobility by restricting its analysis to a few dimensions in the field of economics: income and education. The first article addresses the problem of the lack of data necessary for the analysis of income dynamics within a generation. It is a fact that longitudinal data are scarce and not widely available in most countries, and this is true even for developed countries! We have tried to piece together this puzzle using recent methodological approaches, such as "synthetic panels", a methodology normally used for the analysis of poverty dynamics. Papers two and three describe, more specifically, long-term trends in economic mobility for income and education, respectively. The second paper deals with intra-generational mobility, while the third is dedicated to intergenerational mobility. Both answer questions two and three above, seeking to improve the way in which the temporary dimension is included in the analysis of economic well-being, with the aim of reproducing the effect of a film made with several shots. This thesis seeks to broaden the experimental knowledge on economic mobility, as most studies only consider a few years of intra-generational mobility or just a few generations. Furthermore, most of the results of existing experiments refer to Scandinavian countries or highly industrialized countries. For this thesis we have therefore taken the example of Mexico, but the approaches and methodological principles used can be applied to any other country. The paths of our lives are in perpetual motion: up and down. In a democratic society, it seems useful to know if our social belonging allows us to get by despite our origins, or if, on the contrary, our destiny is doomed to failure because of them. Indeed, we need empirical results to answer these deliberations. This thesis is perhaps a daring invitation to start that conversation.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the evolution of individuals' labor supply as they enter adulthood. It consists of two major themes. First, we discuss the labor supply decisions of young adults and how these are related to the family environment and to public policies aimed at them. Second, we discuss the impact of the birth of a first child on the labor supply of mothers and fathers. We find that the family environment is a factor of inequality between young adults and that the implementation of minimum income policies would reduce these inequalities. Concerning the birth of a child, it is essentially educated women who are penalized in terms of wages in the short and medium term. It seems that public policies, but also companies, have an important role to play in the return to work behavior of mothers.

In terms of economics, individuals divorce if their expected gains from marriage fall short of their expected utility outside the current marriage, and children represent a marriage-specific type of investment, which generally increases the value of marriage for the spouses. However, children may also disrupt marital stability as they will induce dramatic changes into the household allocation of money and time. In particular, children conceived before or after first marriage may be valued differently by the spouses and this may lead to marital conflicts. It is difficult to assign a priori the direction of the effect of children on marriage stability, and causality may run either way, as couples who anticipate a separation are more likely to have fewer children than those who are happy together, while children born before first marriage may be associated with a lower marriage attachment of their parents. Here, we follow an empirical approach and take advantage of the richness of the data on pre-marital history from the 24 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth79, to estimate the effect of children conceived before or after first marriage on marital stability. We find a significant deterrent effect of young children conceived during first marriage to the likelihood of divorce, while children conceived before first marriage are found to have a disruptive effect on marital stability.

The thesis explores the links between women's empowerment and economic transition. It examines how increasing the number of women working in the public or private sector can help address some of the persistent transition problems in emerging countries, such as low productivity, innovation, and human development. The thesis is composed of three chapters that draw on economic models of gender equality and transition. The first chapter explores the relationship between the gender composition of firms and the involvement of these firms in innovation activities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The second chapter establishes the analysis of firm performance, and seeks to determine whether female-led SMEs behave differently from male-led SMEs in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Russia. In particular, this chapter examines activities that improve firm competitiveness: the acquisition of business development services and investment in on-the-job training. Finally, in the last chapter, I examine the links between the number of women in state legislatures in India and the improvement in the status of women in their families, as measured by their age at first marriage and first childbearing. In these three chapters, I conclude that increasing women's participation at all levels of the public and private sectors has a positive effect on corporate and individual outcomes.

American workweeks are long compared to other rich countries'. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. We examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from 5 other countries. Adjusting for demographic differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by about 10 percent if European workweeks prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the U.S. would far exceed those in continental Europe.

Earlier studies suggest that income taxation may affect not only labour supply but also domestic work. Here we investigate the impact of income taxation on partners' labour supply and housework, using data for France that taxes incomes of married couples jointly. We estimate a household utility model in which the marginal utilities of leisure and housework of both partners are modelled as random coefficients, depending on observed and unobserved characteristics. We conclude that both partners' market and housework hours are responsive to changes in the tax system. A policy simulation suggests that replacing joint taxation of married spouses' incomes with separate taxation would increase the husband's housework hours by 1.3% and reduce his labour supply by 0.8%. The wife's market hours would increase by 3.7%, and her housework hours would fall by 2.0%.

Maids, household appliances and housework time are key inputs to domestic production. This study uses data from the UK and France to estimate the effects of resource prices on the demand for these inputs. We conclude that higher opportunity costs of time increase the likelihood of having maid services and appliances. Women's time costs are also positively related to his housework time and negatively related to hers. Finally, maid service appears to be a closer substitute for housework time on weekend days than weekdays, suggesting smaller labour supply effects than anticipated by earlier literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].

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The aim of this paper is to provide new evidence on the effect of partners' wages on partners' allocation of time. Earlier studies concluded that wage rates are an important determinant of partners' hours of market and non-market work and also that house work may lower married women's wage rates. However, the bulk of earlier literature in this area failed to account for the endogeneity of wages or the simultaneity of partners' time allocation choices. Here we take a reduced form approach and specify a ten simultaneous equations model of wage rates, employment and hours of market work, house work and childcare of parents. Non-participants are included in the model. We exploit a rich time use dataset for France to estimate the model. We find that the own wage affects positively own market hours and negatively own house work and childcare hours. The wage of the father has a significantly negative effect on the mother's market hours while her wage rate has a significantly positive effect on his house work hours.

In this paper we study households in which the woman is the main earner, encompassing both dual-earners with the wife outearning the husband and couples in which the husband is not employed. The literature in this area is very scant. Earlier studies find that the wife outearns the husband in roughly one of every four dual-earner couples in North-American countries. According to our estimates, the wife earns a higher hourly wage than the husband in one of every six French households, including couples with an inactive partner, and, moreover, this proportion is almost the same considering partners' monthly earnings. Economic models of marriage would predict that the wife's earnings dominance be compensated by the husband being younger or possibly more attractive than the wife. Using a large dataset of couples, drawn from the French Labor Force surveys, we find that larger spousal age differences correlate positively with the occurrence of couples in which only the wife works but negatively with dual-earners in which she outearns the husband. Therefore, a marriage selection type of story may explain the occurrence of female solo-earner households while the emergence of "power couples" may provide a rationale for dual-earners in which the wife outearns the husband.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of Unemployment Insurance on individual trajectories using French administrative data. The first chapter studies the consequences of the 2003 reform on senior unemployment. The econometric analysis is based on a combined Discontinuity Regression and Difference-in-Differences approach. The results obtained show a significant reduction in unemployment durations following the adoption of the reform. The second chapter proposes an evaluation of the Reduced Activity scheme. This system allows the unemployed to cumulate part of their benefits with wages from temporary jobs. The estimation of a multivariate duration model makes it possible to isolate the causal effect of the system while taking into account the potential endogeneity of the duration of reduced activity and the attrition phenomenon. The impact on transitions to employment appears relatively modest. Nevertheless, the observed effect is more important for jobseekers experiencing difficulties in re-entering the labor market. Finally, the third chapter considers the link between the generosity of the benefit and the recurrence of unemployment spells. The main results indicate that past benefit generosity does not have a persistent effect on the duration of unemployment spells. This is essentially explained by individual heterogeneity and the conditions of compensation that individuals receive when they register as unemployed.