OLLIVIER Carine

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To what extent does the evolution of the articles published since 1979 in Work and Employment draw a coherent story? To try to answer this question, we propose an analysis of the articles that have appeared in the journal over the last four decades, based on their titles and keywords. Three types of arguments are mobilized to account for and shed light on this history. As Travail et Emploi was initially an administrative journal, published by the Ministry of Labour, the evolution of its articles is partly linked to the ups and downs of legislative news, public policies and statistical production. It can also be partly due to the changes in the way social sciences look at work and employment from the moment Travail et Emploi became a resolutely academic journal. Finally, these evolutions also reflect, quite naturally, the real and profound transformations of work and employment in the field, in the lives of workers and enterprises.

To what extent does the evolution of the articles published since 1979 in Work and Employment draw a coherent story? To try to answer this question, we propose an analysis of the articles that have appeared in the journal over the last four decades, based on their titles and keywords. Three types of arguments are mobilized to account for and shed light on this history. As Travail et Emploi was initially an administrative journal, published by the Ministry of Labour, the evolution of its articles is partly linked to the ups and downs of legislative news, public policies and statistical production. It can also be partly due to the changes in the way social sciences look at work and employment from the moment Travail et Emploi became a resolutely academic journal. Finally, these evolutions also reflect, quite naturally, the real and profound transformations of work and employment in the field, in the lives of workers and enterprises.

To what extent does the evolution of the articles published since 1979 in Work and Employment draw a coherent story? To try to answer this question, we propose an analysis of the articles that have appeared in the journal over the last four decades, based on their titles and keywords. Three types of arguments are mobilized to account for and shed light on this history. As Travail et Emploi was initially an administrative journal, published by the Ministry of Labour, the evolution of its articles is partly linked to the ups and downs of legislative news, public policies and statistical production. It can also be partly due to the changes in the way social sciences look at work and employment from the moment Travail et Emploi became a resolutely academic journal. Finally, these evolutions also reflect, quite naturally, the real and profound transformations of work and employment in the field, in the lives of workers and enterprises.

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The architects' labor market is traditionally characterized by a very strong influence of self-employment or "atypical jobs" (fixed-term contracts, internships, temporary work), the latter functioning as adjustment variables in a services market marked by very strong economic irregularity. In this respect, it offers itself as a privileged observation post for understanding the transformations of the forms of wage employment, all the more so since, while some argue that the recompositions at work draw the enchanted figure of a new professional free of all constraints, the empirical survey shows, on the contrary, how the professional trajectories of these actors are overdetermined by permanent exposure to market tensions. However, the architectural labor market is of further interest in terms of an examination of the margins of employment. For several years now, we have been observing the rise of more permanent forms of employment, particularly in fields of activity that offer architects new outlets. These forms of employment tend to destabilize architectural professionals who are accustomed to thinking of their identity in terms of the liberal professional model. In this respect, the architectural labor market functions as a negative of the labor market in general: atypical jobs have long been the norm, while salary stability is seen as a marginal or temporary situation (especially at the beginning of one's career). From then on, the paradoxical situation of architecture allows us to think about the dialectic of the margins and the center in the labor markets by showing to what extent this dichotomy is the result of a social and normative construction.

It is usual to think that one method and one method only corresponds to a given scale of analysis, source, theory or way of presenting results: "quantitative researchers" are supposed to work on large populations and to be able to generalize their observations; "qualitative researchers" are supposed to describe and interpret fine but still locally situated mechanisms. And yet, we would like to convince you here that these methodological assignments are not always justified, that the opposition between "quanti" and "quali" has little reason to exist, or even better, that it can be exciting and profitable to attempt, in a humanities and social sciences thesis, to articulate the two approaches. This articulation is not always as difficult as you might think, as we will show you by first explaining why it is necessary to articulate these approaches, and then giving you some hints on the many ways to proceed.

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It is usual to think that one method and one method only corresponds to a given scale of analysis, source, theory or way of presenting results: "quantitative researchers" are supposed to work on large populations and to be able to generalize their observations; "qualitative researchers" are supposed to describe and interpret fine but still locally situated mechanisms. And yet, we would like to convince you here that these methodological assignments are not always justified, that the opposition between "quanti" and "quali" has little reason to exist, or even better, that it can be exciting and profitable to attempt, in a humanities and social sciences thesis, to articulate the two approaches. This articulation is not always as difficult as you might think, as we will show you by first explaining why it is necessary to articulate these approaches, and then giving you some hints on the many ways to proceed.

This thesis is devoted to the study of the division of labor and competition in the project management market, focusing on the particular case of interior architects. The first part deals with the birth and development of this professional group. It shows that the relationship between interior designers, architects and decorators has changed since the 1950s, moving from non-exclusive periods of ignorance or collaboration, to periods of conflict. The question of the autonomization of the interior design group on the Anglo-Saxon model of the "established professions" will only appear at a precise moment in this history as a competitive strategy in an older division of labor, and then as a means, for a part of the group, to reduce the uncertainty in the market for design and construction services. The second part of the thesis focuses on the means of identifying the content and the contours of the group, by successively analyzing the categories that make it possible to grasp it and the content of the tasks that its members assume. The third part focuses on this service market, analyzing the cooperation networks between interior architects and construction companies, the nature of the service relationship that this market institutes, and the shape of the careers of these professionals.