RENOUARD Cecile

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We mobilize the notion of gift in the framework of a reflection on the justice of the commons, in the double sense: what is transmitted freely, in a non-demandable way, and what obliges us and binds us together. This perspective appears central in the search for a social and political organization that favors the inclusion of the most fragile, and the conditions for living together today and tomorrow. Nussbaum's thought allows us to deepen the tensions inherent in the Maussian perspective.

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The problem of our time is not to choose between globalization and identitarian withdrawal: we cannot ignore either the diversity of countries or their growing interdependence in the face of the ecological and social perils that affect them all. The French language makes it possible to overcome this false dilemma with the distinction it allows between globalization and mondialisation. To globalize is to work towards the reign of the market, unlimited growth, the flexibilization of work and cultural hegemony. To globalize is to establish a world order that respects our ecumene, human work and the diversity of peoples and cultures. This book explores this perspective in the light of Simone Weil's visionary work. It revisits her reflections on rootedness, freedom and oppression, to think in turn about our "vital environment" (whose destruction is accelerating today), the concert of civilizations, the conditions of non-servile work, and the good and bad uses of law.

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The recent legal framework on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is leading multinationals to take an increasing interest in measuring the social impact of their practices. Based on two case studies, this thesis examines the impact of CSR projects on the human development, particularly relational, of the populations concerned. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the construction of a theoretical framework. By revealing the underlying hypotheses of development indicators, CSR visions and impact assessment perspectives, convergences and incompatibilities between different postures characteristic of these three objects are brought to the fore. This leads me to favor an analysis methodology based on non-experimental quantitative methods and qualitative analyses, which mobilize a multidimensional approach to development based on the capabilities approach. The second part of the thesis presents empirical applications based on impact evaluations of societal programs conducted by Total in Nigeria and an inclusive recycling project conducted by Danone in Mexico. The empirical results show that beyond their impact on poverty, these projects have important effects on the social fabric. This demonstrates the value of evaluative frameworks that use unconventional indicators and that shed light on the figures by providing a qualitative understanding of the processes of change and power relations.

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If development is conceived as a process of rent elimination, does the Douglass North, John Wallis, Barry Weingast (NWW) conceptual framework developed in 2009, which defines it as a process of institutional transition from a limited access social order (developing countries) where violence is permanent and disseminated, to an open access social order (developed countries) where economic and political access is open to all through free competition, really eliminate rents? Through an internal theoretical critique and an empirical critique illustrated by the history of Nigeria and in particular the activity of the multinational oil companies, we argue that NWW's conceptual framework is flawed i) in its conception of the role of elites and non-elites in the process of opening up access within the limited-access social order ii) and in its epistemological construction of the open-access social order model based on free political and economic competition. NWW's open access order maintains rents, and legitimizes predation, which we define as the exploitation of rents of domination. Predators thus impose social costs on their victims that sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) approaches struggle to eliminate. SD and CSR will only succeed in eliminating predation by developing institutions and frames of reference that force actors to take into account the asymmetry of power and the risk of domination in negotiations between stakeholders, with a view to respecting human dignity in transactions.

This paper documents the paradoxical short-term effects of training and job programmes implemented by oil companies in the region of Onelga, Rivers State (Nigeria). We use two multidimensional indexes as dependent variables: the UNDP's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and a ‘Relational Deprivation Index’ (RDI) that measures the quality of social fabric. We find that while the programmes significantly reduce conventional poverty, their impact on RDI is twofold: the beneficiaries' integration into networks improves at the expense of deteriorated private relations. These different effects promote measuring poverty and development as multidimensional phenomena and taking into consideration social aspects of development.

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This article studies the implementation of a public-private partnership (PPP) in the water supply sector in Nagpur (Maharashtra, India). Drawing upon the capability approach and the concept of disadvantage, we define equity as the need to focus on the worse-off. Based on extensive field-research, we explain how the access to water is currently characterized by patronage relations and institutional discriminatory practices that perpetuate categorical inequalities. Addressing equity concerns in a PPP therefore requires questioning the existing power relations to clearly prioritize the worse-off. Our research argues that international law might be used to promote equitable processes in urban infrastructure, beyond today's focus on technical accounts and efficiency debates.

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Ethical development choices and practices are the main factors in the effective implementation of the right to drinking water in rural Cameroon. After setting out some benchmarks for the humanization of development in this sub-Saharan African country, this thesis highlights the challenges of access to drinking water through a socio-ethical analysis of the experiences of three water projects in the departments of Sanaga Maritime and Mbam Inoubou. It demonstrates that the rehabilitation of the dignity and capacities of local actors is the lever on which to act in order to institute a society of commonality and communion favorable to ethical development. Contrary to the "non-common" society that emerges from the analysis of field experiences, the common society would be able to respond to situations of precariousness without waiting for the assistance of guardians or trustees.

This paper explores some of the dimensions related to poverty and exclusion, by defining a Relational Capability Index (RCI) which focuses on the quality of relationships among people and on their level of relational empowerment. This index is rooted in a relational anthropology. it insists on the quality of the social fabric and of interpersonal relations as a key aspect of human development. As a multidimensional index, the RCI includes integration into networks, private relations and civic commitments. We provide an axiomatization of a family of multidimensional indexes. This axiomatic viewpoint fills the gap between theories of justice and poverty measurements. By means of illustration, we apply three different versions of the RCI, which are elements of this family, to the measurement of the impact of oil companies on local communities in the Niger Delta (Nigeria) and to national surveys (Afrobarometer).

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How can multinational companies participate in the sustainable development of the countries of the South, as the analysis of their principles of action demonstrates the ambiguity of their approach? The insertion of capitalism in a social and political project must combine utopia (inter and intra-generational equity) and strategy taking into account the conflicts of economic and political interests. This approach defines the responsibility of companies in the economic, social, societal and political fields, with a focus on the cultural dimension of development. States and other institutions must adopt incentive and binding standards. This objective, which concerns the future of the planet, requires the ethical training of elites in the North and the South. The reflection is based on a multidisciplinary approach inspired by the thinking of Michaël Walzer and on surveys in subsidiaries of the Total, Lafarge, Unilever and Michelin groups in Kenya and Nigeria.