Discrimination, place of residence, and the labor market.

Summary In most developed societies, including France, we are now witnessing an increase in social and economic disparities between territories, and the appearance and persistence of "problem" neighborhoods, which concentrate the most vulnerable populations. Spatial segregation" appears to be a norm of urban organization and the territory as a challenge for social cohesion. Numerous economic and sociological studies have sought to explain the differences in situations observed, particularly in the labor market, between these populations. Three main mechanisms explain the impact of place of residence on the labor market success of individuals: spatial mismatch, social environment and discrimination due to place of residence. In this doctoral thesis we focus on the latter mechanism through which location affects the labor market performance of individuals. Through three studies covering three chapters, we will highlight three important elements in the analysis of residency discrimination: the feeling of discrimination, wage discrimination and hiring discrimination. These are illustrated by different methodologies: an analysis of subjective survey data, an analysis of objective survey data and finally an analysis of experimental data. The main results are as follows. We have shown that there are specific effects of place of residence on young people's feelings of discrimination. We have shown that the place of residence has a direct influence on the probability of finding a job at the end of the studies as well as on the salary associated to this job. Using a decomposition of wage gaps, we showed that there is likely to be discrimination related to place of residence, which affects young women in particular. We found a determining effect of the department of residence on the chances of access to employment for individuals. The same effect also exists, in a weaker way, at the level of the reputation of the applicants' area of residence. An analysis of the order of the answers given to the candidates confirmed these results and even revealed an even stronger discrimination. Based on these results, we propose public policy recommendations related to the different aspects of residency discrimination.